基本結構與工作原理

　　Basic structure and working principle

　　硬管內窺鏡主要由光學成像系統和照明系統組成：光學部分外觀看是一個細長的金屬管子，而里面裝著一個由許多透鏡組成的完整的光學系統。光學成像系統由物鏡系統、轉像系統、目鏡系統三大系統組成。被觀察物經物鏡所成的倒像，通過轉像系統將倒像轉為正像，并傳輸到目鏡，再由目鏡放大后，為人眼所觀察。如圖1所示。為構成不同的視向角，需加入不同的棱鏡。不同用途的內窺鏡根據使用要求制作成不同的外形、外徑、長度，以達到使用所需的要求。照明傳輸系統由光導纖維組成，將冷光源的光經過光導纖維傳輸到內窺鏡前端，照亮被觀察物。

　　A rigid tube endoscope is mainly composed of an optical imaging system and an illumination system: the optical part is a slender metal tube for external viewing, while inside it is a complete optical system composed of many lenses. The optical imaging system consists of three major systems: the objective lens system, the conversion system, and the eyepiece system. The inverted image of the observed object formed by the objective lens is converted into a positive image through a conversion system and transmitted to the eyepiece. After being magnified by the eyepiece, it is observed by the human eye. As shown in Figure 1. To form different viewing angles, different prisms need to be added. Endoscopes for different purposes are made into different shapes, outer diameters, and lengths according to usage requirements to meet the required requirements. The lighting transmission system is composed of optical fibers, which transmit the light from the cold light source to the front end of the endoscope through the optical fibers, illuminating the observed object.

　　硬式內鏡分類及應用

　　Classification and application of rigid endoscopes

　　膀胱電切鏡多用于對膀胱內部的疾病組織進行無創手術，具有風險低、成功率高、手術簡單、愈合快、治愈率高等優點。膀胱電切鏡適用于間質性膀胱炎、濾泡性膀胱炎、腺性膀胱炎、氣性膀胱炎、壞疽性膀胱炎等各種膀胱炎癥的治療。

　　Bladder electrocautery is commonly used for non-invasive surgery of diseased tissues inside the bladder, with advantages such as low risk, high success rate, simple surgery, fast healing, and high cure rate. Cystoscopy is suitable for the treatment of various bladder inflammations such as interstitial cystitis, follicular cystitis, glandular cystitis, gas cystitis, gangrenous cystitis, etc.

　　膀胱鏡是內窺鏡的一種，外形與尿道探子相似，電鏡鞘、檢查窺鏡、處置和輸尿管插管窺鏡以及鏡芯四部分構成一套，并附有電灼器、剪卡器和活組織檢查鉗等附件。

　　Cystoscopy is a type of endoscope that resembles a urethral probe in appearance. It consists of four parts: an electron microscope sheath, an inspection scope, a treatment and ureteral catheterization scope, and a core. It is equipped with accessories such as electrocautery, clip clippers, and biopsy forceps.

　　與電子胃鏡類似，是一種帶有微型攝像頭的器械。腹腔鏡手術與傳統手術相比，具有切口小、痛苦小、恢復快等優點，深受患者的歡迎，尤其是術后瘢痕小、又符合美學要求，青年病人更樂意接受，微創手術是外科發展的總趨勢和追求目標。目前，腹腔鏡手術的金標準是膽囊切除術，一般地說，大部分普通外科的手術，腹腔鏡手術都能完成。如闌尾切除術，胃、十二指腸潰瘍穿孔修補術、疝氣修補術、結腸切除術、脾切除術、腎上腺切除術，還有卵巢囊腫摘除、宮外孕、子宮切除等，隨著腹腔鏡技術的日益完善和腹腔鏡醫生操作水平的提高，幾乎所有的外科手術都能采用這種手術。

　　Similar to electronic gastroscopy, it is a device with a miniature camera. Compared with traditional surgery, laparoscopic surgery has the advantages of smaller incisions, less pain, and faster recovery, which is highly welcomed by patients. Especially with small postoperative scars and aesthetic requirements, young patients are more willing to accept minimally invasive surgery, which is the overall trend and pursuit goal of surgical development. At present, the gold standard for laparoscopic surgery is cholecystectomy. Generally speaking, most general surgical procedures can be performed using laparoscopic surgery. Such as appendectomy, repair of gastric and duodenal ulcer perforation, hernia repair, colectomy, splenectomy, adrenalectomy, as well as removal of ovarian cysts, ectopic pregnancy, hysterectomy, etc., with the increasing improvement of laparoscopic technology and the improvement of laparoscopic doctors' operating level, almost all surgical procedures can adopt this type of surgery.

　　宮腔鏡是一項新的、微創性婦科診療技術，可用于診斷、治療和隨訪子宮腔內病變，其實質上是一種纖維光源內窺鏡，包括宮腔鏡、能源系統、光源系統、灌流系統和成像系統

　　Hysteroscopy is a new, minimally invasive gynecological diagnostic and therapeutic technique that can be used for the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of intrauterine lesions. Essentially, it is a fiber optic endoscope that includes hysteroscopy, energy system, light source system, perfusion system, and imaging system

　　關節鏡是一種觀察關節內部結構的直徑5mm左右的棒狀光學器械，是用于診治關節疾患的內窺鏡。除了對多種運動損傷具有治療作用之外，關節鏡技術在關節炎外科治療中也可大顯身手，發揮重要的作用。關節鏡技術可運用于骨性關節炎、炎癥性關節、色素沉著絨毛結節性滑膜炎、晶體性關節病，感染性關節炎和創傷性關節炎等多種關節炎的診斷和治療。

　　Arthroscopy is a rod-shaped optical instrument with a diameter of about 5mm used to observe the internal structure of joints, and is an endoscope used for the diagnosis and treatment of joint diseases. In addition to its therapeutic effect on various sports injuries, arthroscopic technology can also play an important role in the surgical treatment of arthritis. Arthroscopy technology can be used for the diagnosis and treatment of various types of arthritis, including osteoarthritis, inflammatory joints, pigmented villonodular synovitis, crystalline arthritis, infectious arthritis, and traumatic arthritis.

　　經皮腎鏡技術（PCNL）是腔內泌尿外科手術的一個重要部分。

　　Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is an important part of endourological surgery.

　　前列腺汽化電切治療前列腺增生癥被全世界定位前列腺增生治療的金標準。另外，汽化電切鏡還用與尿道腫瘤、膀胱腫瘤的電切以及前列腺癌的姑息性切除治療等。

　　The treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with vaporization and resection of the prostate has been recognized as the gold standard for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia worldwide. In addition, vaporization electrocautery is also used for electrocautery of urethral tumors, bladder tumors, and palliative resection of prostate cancer.

　　近十幾年來是我國泌尿外科迅猛發展的時期，輸尿管鏡手術是泌尿外科領域發展最快，它是高科技在泌尿外科領域的應用，屬微創診斷、治療的手段，深受廣大病人的歡迎，它具有創傷小、安全，使不少過去要用開放手術的病人免除手術的創傷和痛苦。

　　In the past decade, China's urology department has experienced rapid development, with ureteroscopy being the fastest growing field. It is a high-tech application in the field of urology, a minimally invasive diagnostic and treatment method, and is highly welcomed by patients. It has the advantages of minimal trauma and safety, allowing many patients who used to undergo open surgery to avoid the trauma and pain of surgery.

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